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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
 Posted - 25/07/2011 : 21:02:08
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Opis dogadaja u Arkansasu:
Arkansas was an unwilling participant in the Civil War. She was one of the last four of the eleven Southern states to secede, and did not do so until the outbreak of war forced her to take a stand. But when the choice was made most Arkansans immediately rallied to do their part for Southern independence.
Arkansas faces a crisis. In 1860 Arkansas was enjoying a period of progress and prosperity. In the last ten years the population had doubled and now was about 435,000. The future seemed bright, but in the background were bitter disputes between the Northern and Southern states which threatened to reach a climax. If war should come, Arkansas would be involved.
With slavery, the most outstanding of the issues between North and South, the majority of people in Arkansas were not greatly concerned. Four fifths of the white families in the state owned no slaves. Few of those who did own slaves believed that the system was in danger. For many years the slavery question had caused trouble, but somehow compromises had always been reached.
The presidential election of 1860 brought on a crisis. Arkansas was caught up in the rush of events. The new Republican party with its candidate Abraham Lincoln was making its second bid for the presidency. The Democrats, long in control of national affairs, were unable to agree on a candidate. The party split into Northern and Southern wings and each division nominated a candidate. This practically insured the election of Lincoln. Since the Republican party opposed the extension of slavery, some Southern leaders declared that if Lincoln were elected the South should secede and become an independent nation.
Formation of the Southern Confederacy. The presidential campaign of 1860 caused no great excitement in Arkansas, but many people eagerly awaited the outcome of the election. Lincoln's name did not appear on the Arkansas ballot, and the Southern Democratic candidate received a majority of the votes cast in the state. As soon as it was certain that Lincoln had been elected, South Carolina called a convention and passed an ordinance of secession declaring that the state was no longer a part of the United States. She sent delegates to the other Southern states urging them to follow the same course. The Arkansas General Assembly, which was in session at the time, listened to the South Carolina delegates but took no action. While Arkansas hesitated, other Southern states were busy passing ordinances of secession. South Carolina was soon joined by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. In February 1861 representatives of the seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, and organized the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president. Other Southern states, including Arkansas, watched and waited.
Arkansas refuses to secede. As the secession movement grew, people in Arkansas became greatly concerned. In January 1861 Governor Henry M. Rector, at the direction of the General Assembly, called an election for the people to vote on whether Arkansas should hold a convention to consider secession. At the same time the voters were to elect delegates to the convention in case the vote should be favorable. At the election on February 18 the vote was favorable and delegates were chosen.
Companies of troops were already being organized in different parts of Arkansas, and demands were raised that the United States arsenal in Little Rock be surrendered to the state government. Early in February troops from Helena and several other places moved into Little Rock and declared that they would take the arsenal by force if necessary. Alarmed by the possibility of bloodshed, Governor Rector persuaded the Federal commander to surrender the arsenal and evacuate his troops. The governor then took charge in the name of the state.
The secession convention met in the Old State House in Little Rock on March 4, 1861. David Walker, who opposed secession, was elected president. The convention continued in session for two and a half weeks. Feeling ran high and many fiery speeches were made, but it soon became evident that a majority of the members did not think that the situation at that time called for secession. The convention voted down a resolution condemning Lincoln's inaugural address, and defeated a conditional ordinance of secession.
The opinion seemed to prevail that Arkansas should secede if the Federal government made war on the Confederate States. Still hoping for a compromise settlement that would avoid war, the delegates agreed to go home until after the people had voted on the secession question at a special election to be held in August.
War brings secession. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate guns opened fire on Fort Sumter, in the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina. When President Lincoln asked Arkansas to provide a regiment of troops to force the seceded states back into the Union Governor Rector refused. The governor sent a force to take the Fort Smith arsenal, and Arkansas regiments began organizing to fight for the South.
The secession convention, recalled in special session, met again in the Old State House in Little Rock on May 6. Before a packed house, a secession ordinance was introduced and passed by vote of sixty-five to five. When the chairman asked that the decision be made unanimous, Isaac Murphy of Huntsville was the only delegate who refused to change his vote. On May 20 Arkansas was admitted to the Confederacy. She had seceded only when the coming of war forced her to take a stand with the South. Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina also seceded after the war had actually begun.
Organizing for war. After passing the ordinance of secession, the convention remained in session for almost a month longer attempting to prepare the state for war. It provided for raising "The Army of Arkansas," chose military officers and gave them instructions and set up a military board to manage the war in Arkansas after the convention had adjourned.
The military board consisted of the governor as chairman and two advisers elected by the convention. This board was given full military power subject to the order of the convention and subsequent acts of the legislature. A war loan of $2,000,000 was appropriated for its use and it was authorized to call out 30,000 men and more if necessary.
The secession convention adjourned on June 3 and the military board took over the management of the war effort. It issued a call for 10,000 volunteers for a year in the state service and set about finding provisions and equipment. The response to the call was quite satisfactory. In a short time the recruiting stations over the state were rushing men into Little Rock to be trained on the arsenal grounds. For the board, securing arms was a problem. Some men brought their own guns but many had no arms of any kind.
Throughout the summer months of 1861 the problems facing the military Henry M. Rector board increased in number, especially after the battle of Oak Hills or Wilson's Creek on August 10. Governor Rector, as chairman of the board, was anxious to save the state the expense of keeping the troops in the field and for that reason favored transferring them to the Confederacy. But he also feared that if this were done they would be taken out of the state and the state would have no one to defend it. For that reason he opposed transfer. In 1862 the transfer was finally completed and the work of the military board came to an end. |
depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
Posted - 25/07/2011 : 21:18:37
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Civil War Battle Summaries by State:
ALABAMA: 7
ARKANSAS: 17
FLORIDA: 6
GEORGIA: 27
LOUISIANA: 23
MISSISSIPPI: 16
NORTH CAROLINA: 20
SOUTH CAROLINA: 11
TENNESSEE: 38
TEXAS: 5
VIRGINIA: 123
Granicne države:
WEST VIRGINIA: 15
MISSOURI: 27
MARYLAND: 7
KENTUCKY: 11
Ukupno je tijekom rata zabilježeno oko 8000 vatrenih okršaja od kojih su kao bitke klasificirane njih 384.(u 4 kategorije) |
depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
Edited by - lwood on 25/07/2011 21:20:15 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
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13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
Posted - 25/07/2011 : 21:19:44
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1830. predsjednik Andrew Jackson (inace južnjak i robovlasnik) potpisuje “Indian Removal Act” prema kojem je 30-ih godina 19.stoljeca s podrucja južnih država deportirano 5 južnih plemena (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek i Seminole). Taj zakon donesen je pod snažnim pritiskom južnjackih plantažera i zemljoposjednika koji su bacili oko na njihovu zemlju.
RATNE OPERACIJE NA PODRUCJU OKLAHOME (INDIAN TERRITORY)
Rat na podrucju Oklahome (Indian Territory) bio je posebno opak. 1861. konfederalni Kongres osnovao je Ured za indijanska pitanja i zadužio Alberta Pikea da osigura sporazume s 5 plemena koja su živjela na tom podrucju. Pike je bio tužitelj koji je dobio nekoliko parnica u korist indijanskih klijenata na Vrhovnom sudu Arkansasa. Porucio je plemenima da Lincoln namjerava otvoriti Indijanski teritorij za naseljavanje bijelaca, pa bi shodno tome Indijanci i konfederalisti trebali biti prirodni saveznici u ratu protiv “sjevernjackih agresora”. Pike je postigao sporazume s plemenima Chickasaw, Choctaw i Semionolama, dok je s plemenima Cherokee i Creek išlo nešto teže. John Ross, glavni poglavica Cherokeeja, zagovarao je neutralnost, dok je utjecajni Stand Watie stao uz Pikea. Poslije bitke kod Wilson’s Creeka (odigrala se na podrucju Missourija tri tjedna nakon Bull Runa u Virginiji), južnjacka pobjeda pomogla je uvjeriti Cherokeeje da pristanu uz Konfederaciju. Ross je prihvatio Pikeovu ponudu da ce priznati autonomiju Cherokeeja u zamjenu za savezništvo s Konfederacijom.
Podjele medu Creekima donijele su nove probleme. Pike je postigao sporazum s Donjim Creekima, ali Gornji Creeki, pod poglavicom Opothleyaholom, odbili su sporazum i krenuli prema Kansasu kako bi se stavili pod zaštitu Unije. Douglas Cooper poveo je 1.400 pripadnika vojske Texasa i njihovih saveznika Indijanaca kako bi zaustavio egzodus, i 19.11.1861. Opothleyahola mu se suprotstavio s 1.500 svojih ratnika kod Round Mountaina. Bitka je završila neodlucno i suprotstavljene snage ponovo su se srele 9.12. kod Chustenahlaha, duž Bird Creeka. Cooper ponovo nije uspio uništiti svoje protivnike. Štoviše, neki konfederalni Cherokeeji odbili su se boriti protiv svojih, dok su drugi prešli na stranu Unije.
Cooper se uplašio gubitka kontrole nad svojim indijanskim vojnicima pa se povukao u Fort Gibson, blizu Tahlequaha, prijestolnice Cherokeeja. Tada je zamolio Jamesa McIntosha, veterana bitke kod Wilson’s Creeka, da pošalje pojacanja na Indijanski teritorij. McIntosh je udovoljio molbi i 26.12.1861. konfederalci su potukli Opothleyaholu kod Shoal Creeka. Sljedeceg dana Watiejevi ljudi uhvatili su Opothleyaholu i uništili otpor Creeka. Oni koji su uspjeli pobjeci u Kansas zatražili su zaštitu i pomoc Unije, koja još nije stizala. Mnogi su umrli od gladi i smrzavanja.
Tijekom 1862. Unija formira dvije indijanske pukovnije, u koje su bili ukljuceni i preživjeli Opothleyaholini ljudi. Te 2 pukovnije bile su dio snaga Williama Weera koji s ukupno 6.000 ljudi krece u invaziju na Indijanski teritorij i zarobljava Johna Rossa. Rossa isporucuju u Washington gdje se on odrice sporazuma o savezništvu izmedu Cherokeeja i Konfederacije. U meduvremenu, pobuna medu Weerovim porucnicima rezultirala je njegovim uhicenjem pod optužbama za ucestala pijanstva. Zapovjedništvo preuzima njemacki imigrant Frederick Salomon, koji povlaci trupe Unije u Kansas, što omogucuje Watieju preuzimanje kontrole nad Indijanskim teritorijem.
1863.sjevernjaci obnavljaju ratne operacije na tom podrucju i u travnju zauzimaju Fort Gibson. U srpnju 1863. James Blunt potukao je konfederalne snage kod Honey Springsa i potisnuo Cherokeeje južno, na zemlju plemena Choctaw. William Phillips poveo je indijansku unionisticku brigadu na podrucje plemena Choctow i kampanja poprima oblik gerilskog ratovanja kakav se vec primjenjivao u Missouriju i Kansasu, i za koju su bili karakteristicni napadi na civilne ciljeve. Unionisti uništavaju desetke Choctaw naselja i masakriraju nekoliko stotina tih Indijanaca.
Watie se proglašava glavnim poglavicom Cherokeeja i poduzima protunapade iza unionistickih linija. U lipnju 1864. na rijeci Arkansas zarobljava brod USS J.R.Williams i plijeni namirnice i opremu vrijednu 100.000 $. U rujnu blizu Cabin Creeka zarobljava unionisticku opskrbu s robom vrijednom 1,5 milijuna $. Ti junacki podvizi donose mu unaprijedenje u cin brigadnog generala.
Nakon što je do njega došla vijest o Leejevoj kapitulaciji, saziva Vijece plemena. Izaslanici se sastaju kod Boggy Depota i prihvacaju uspostavu “prijateljskih odnosa s americkom vladom u Washingtonu”. Watie šalje na vojni dopust vecinu svojih ljudi i zadržava samo nekolicinu pod oružjem. Sastaje se s predstavnicima Unije 23.6.1865. pokraj Doaksvillea i potpisuje predaju Cherokeeja i konfederalnog zapovjedništva. Time je postao zadnji južnjacki general koji je položio oružje.
Indijanski teritorij (Oklahoma) za vrijeme gradanskog rata
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
Posted - 25/07/2011 : 21:20:04
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Cherokee Indijanac Stand Watie roden je u Georgiji 1806., obrazovan u misionarskoj školi. Zadobivši utjecaj medu Cherokeejima, radio je na Plemenskom sudu i Vijecu. 1835.podupire premještaj plemena na Indijanski teritorij (Oklahomu), nakon što su se Cherokeeji podijelili po tom pitanju.
1861.prihvaca služiti Konfederaciji i njegov odred “Cherokee Mounted Rifles” borio se na Indijanskom teritoriju i u susjednim pogranicnim podrucjima.
Watie je bio jedini Indijanac koji je postao general u gradanskom ratu.
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Edited by - dsormaz1 on 25/07/2011 21:20:22 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
Posted - 25/07/2011 : 21:29:56
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depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
Posted - 26/07/2011 : 20:33:31
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Gettysburg : vjerovatno najpoznatija bitka gradanskog rata
01.-03 Srpnja 1863.
Prvi dan bitke:
Drugi dan bitke:
Treci dan bitke:
povlacenje:
Konfederacija je imala oko 72 000 vojnika ,Unija oko 94 000 .
ukupni broj žrtava u ova tri dana bia je gotovo 50 000.(citava kampanja oko 57 000)
Unija:
23,055
(3,155 ubijeno
14,531 ranjeno
5,369 zarobljeno/nestalo )
Konfederacija:(procjena)
23,231
(4,708 ubijeno
12,693 ranjeno
5,830 zarobljeno/nestalo )
(Medu žrtvama bil je cak trecina Leejevih casnika) |
depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
Edited by - lwood on 26/07/2011 20:53:00 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
Posted - 26/07/2011 : 21:57:26
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BITKA KOD HAMPTON ROADSA
Bitka kod Hampton Roadsa (8.-9.3.1862.) u kojoj su se sukobili USS Monitor i CSS Virginia (bivši USS Merrimack) bila je prva bitka u povijesti izmedu oklopljenih brodova. Hampton Roads je sidrište na lokaciji gdje Elizabeth i Nansemond River utjecu u James River, prije njenog utoka u zaljev Chesapeake. Bitka je bila dio napora Konfederacije da slomi blokadu Unije, koja je od medunarodne trgovine odsjekla najvece gradove u Virginiji Richmond i Norfolk.
Svaki od ta 2 oklopna broda imao je i nekoliko pratecih drvenih brodova.
Tijekom prvog dana bitke CSS Virginia uspjeva uništiti 2 drvena broda Unije, USS Cumberland i USS Congress. Dolazak noci i opadanje plime od iste sudbine spašava USS Minnesotu. Pod okriljem noci na poprište bitke kriomice dolazi Unijin oklopni brod USS Monitor i zauzima poziciju pored oštecene Minnesote. Ujutro dolazi do sraza dvije protivnicke oklopnjace koji traje 3 sata i završava neodlucno, uz manja oštecenja na Virginiji.
Bitka je privukla svjetsku pozornost i imala je izravan ucinak na daljnji razvoj mornarica diljem svijeta.
CSS Virginia (bivši USS Merrimack)
USS Monitor
Bitka kod Hampton Roadsa
CSS Virginia potapa USS Cumberland
Sraz Monitora i Virginije
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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
Posted - 27/07/2011 : 21:19:11
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CSS Shenandoah
Type: Extreme clipper hull
Displacement: 1160 tons
Length: 230 ft (70 m)
Beam: 32.5 ft (9.9 m)
Draft: 20 ft 6 in (6.25 m)
Decks: poop, main, berth
Deck clearance: 7.5 feet (2.3 m)
Installed power: 200 HP A. & J. Inglis steam engine
Propulsion: 14-foot-diameter (4.3 m) bronze propellor
Sail plan: Full rigged ship
Speed:
8 knots (15 km/h) under steam
16 knots (30 km/h) under sail
Complement: 109 officers and men
Armament: 4 × 8 in (203 mm) smoothbore cannons,
2 × 12 pounder (5 kg) rifled Whitworth cannons,
2 × 32 pounder (15 kg) cannons
posljednja znacajnija vojna jedinica konfederacije koja se predala.
Nakon šta je priša više od 58 000 milja oko globusa i potopia ili zarobia 38 Unijinih brodova (vecinom kitolovaca ) (1864.-1865.)
Brod i posada predali su se u engleskoj luci Liverpoolu 06.Studenog 1865.
Kapetan:
James Iredell Waddell
Inace ovaj brod je kupljen u Britanji i isplovia je pod prijašnjim imenom Sea King.
19. Listopada 1864. minja ime u Shenandoah.
radilo se o trgovackom brodu napravljenom u Škotskoj ,uglavnom za prevoz trupa i caja .
Potom je prenamijenjen za uništavanje trgovackih brodova Unije.
Zbog straha od suocavanja s optužbom za gusarstvo kapetan se rade preda britanskim vlastima nego americkim.
Nakon rata brod je prodan na dražbi Sultanu od Zanzibara za 17 000 funti.
Inace zastava ovog broda je bila jedina koja je oplovila Zemlju i posljednja koja je skinuta.
Zastava je sacuvana i danas se nalazi u Muzeju Konfederacije u Richmondu,Virginia. |
depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
Edited by - lwood on 27/07/2011 21:54:49 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
Posted - 01/08/2011 : 21:27:06
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Zanimljiv pohod koji je prethodia padu Vicksburga.
Ovde je ocito koliko je Mississippi bia slabo naseljen. (oko 6 st/km2)
Grierson's Raid During the Vicksburg Campaign:
In the early months of 1863, Major General U.S. Grant's primary objective was Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. If that city could be taken, the North would control the entire river, splitting the Confederacy down the middle. Before Grant could take Vicksburg, however, he had to get there, which was proving to be a very annoying problem.
Grant's three divisions were located well north of their target, on the wrong side of the Mississippi. Traveling directly downriver would require running Rebel batteries at Vicksburg, something Grant was hesitant to try. But all other endeavors to advance southward, including two attempts to dig canals bypassing Vicksburg and two attempts to force passage through the swamps and bayous east of the river, had failed miserably.
Finally, on the night of April 16, ironclads and supply-laden transports steamed past the Vicksburg guns. Confederate cannons blasted away at the steam-driven fleet, but only a single transport was lost. Another successful run was completed on April 22. Grant's infantry had already marched south, and with supplies and river transports now plentiful, the Union Army could finally cross the watery barrier.
A major part of Grant's plan was to distract the Confederate commander, Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton, while he crossed the river and swung around to approach Vicksburg from the east. Major General William T Sherman played a part in the plan: his division remained north of Vicksburg, demonstrating against the Chickasaw Bluffs. The local Confederate commander sent a panicky message to Pemberton, claiming that 'the enemy are in front of me in force such as never before been seen at Vicksburg. Send me reinforcements.' In reality, Sherman represented only about a third of Grant's command and probably could not have taken the bluffs if he tried. (In fact, he had already tried and failed the previous December.) Nevertheless, Pemberton sent 3,000 troops that had been marching south to oppose Grant.
Another diversion, one that would prove wildly successful, was a cavalry raid launched into Mississippi from La Grange, Tenn., on April 17. It was the beginning of 16 days of nearly non-stop movement, widespread destruction and frequent battle. When it was over, Grant would accurately describe it as one of the most brilliant cavalry exploits of the war.'
Grant had first considered such a raid as early as February 1863, suggesting a volunteer force of 500 be used. As his strategy evolved, the importance of the raid increased. By mid, March, the strength of the raiders had been dramatically enlarged and the volunteer stipulation had vanished.
The man assigned to lead the raid was 36-year-old Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson, a prewar music teacher from the Midwest who, in less violent times, had traveled to various small towns organizing amateur bands. Later he went into the produce business and, in 1860, wrote campaign songs for Abraham Lincoln. When the war began, Grierson enlisted as a private in the infantry. He very much wanted to do his share of the fighting on foot; while a child, he had been kicked in the face by a horse and still harbored a severe dislike for the equine creatures.
This was not to be. In May 1862, Grierson was commissioned a major in the 6th Illinois Cavalry. A man with little military training or experience–and a pronounced dislike of horses–would soon prove to be one of the most skilled cavalry leaders of the war.
The raid began at dawn on the 17th. Grierson rode south from La Grange with 1,700 men: Colonel Reuben Loomis' 6th Illinois Cavalry, Colonel Edward Prince's 7th Illinois Cavalry, and Colonel Edward Hatch's 2nd Iowa Cavalry, along with a battery of six 2-pounders. Grierson alone knew the extent of their orders, to penetrate deep into the Rebel-held state, cut Pemberton's supply line, and then return to Union lines by whatever route seemed best. To guide him, Grierson brought a compass and a pocket map of Mississippi.
They moved quickly, covering 30 miles on the first day. During the afternoon of the 18th, they crossed the Tallahatchee River at three separate points. A battalion of the 7th Illinois was the first to meet opposition. Crossing at New Albany, they encountered Southern troops attempting to destroy the bridge. The Illinoisans advanced and were fired on. They pressed forward, and the outnumbered Rebels were forced to run. The bridge was repaired and the crossing made.
Six miles farther up the Tallahatchee, Hatch's 2nd Iowa also met the enemy, numbering about 200. Hatch fought skirmishes that day and the next morning. Armed with Colt revolving rifles, Hatch's men emerged victorious, taking a number of prisoners.
After a night of torrential rains, the command re-formed on April 19 and continued south to Ponotoc, where they burned a mill and again skirmished with Confederate soldiers. Dawn of April 20 found the Northerners 80 miles inside Confederate territory, with Grierson forming his men for inspection. He culled out 175 men suffering from dysentery and saddle galls. Calling themselves the 'Quinine Brigade, ' these men escorted the prisoners back through Ponotoc that night, in the hopes of convincing the Confederates that the entire command was returning to Tennessee. Grierson himself continued south with the two Illinois regiments, while the 2nd Iowa and a 2-pounder broke off and turned eastward the next morning, with orders to cut the Mobile & Ohio Railroad.
Hatch's men arrived at Palo Alto that afternoon, drawing Confederate cavalry away from Grierson. Hatch was met by Lt. Col. C.R. Barteau's 2nd Tennessee Cavalry. A skirmish ensued, and the Iowans' revolving rifles again gave them a decided advantage. Hatch retreated north along the railroad, with Barteau in close pursuit. He destroyed the rails at OkoIona and Tupelo. Barteau caught him again near Birmingham on April 24. After a two-hour battle, Hatch retreated across Camp Creek and burned the bridge behind him. Barteau, his own men exhausted and his ammunition low, gave up the pursuit.
Hatch returned to La Grange on April 26, his diversion within a diversion a roaring success. He brought with him 600 horses and mules, with about 200 able-bodied civilians to lead them, and claimed 100 Confederate casualties while losing only 10 men himself
Grierson, in the meanwhile, had not been idle. Hatch had drawn away what little cavalry the Confederates had to field in northern Mississippi (most had been detached to General Braxton Bragg in Tennessee), and Grierson's 950 remaining men could gallop south without worries of pursuit from the rear.
They entered Starkville about 4 p.m. on the 21st, capturing and destroying government property. just south of town, Grierson detached another unit to operate independently. The 7th Illinois' Company B, under Captain Henry Forbes, moved east, then galloped south down the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. They raided Macon, and despite the tiny size of his command, Forbes demanded that the town of Enterprise surrender to him. Not surprisingly, Rebel troops there refused and Forbes moved on to rejoin Grierson at the Pearl River.
By now, the Confederates were desperate to stop the Union raiders. Thanks to Hatch, Forbes, and the Quinine Brigade, Pemberton was receiving confused and exaggerated reports of Grierson's strength and position. Lacking sufficient cavalry, he was diverting more and more infantry from Vicksburg and Grand Gulf, where Grant was preparing to cross. An infantry brigade marching to Vicksburg from Alabama was halted at Meridian. Three regiments and supporting artillery were sent to Morton against the possibility that Grierson might turn toward Jackson, Pemberton's headquarters. Routes north and northwest were blocked by troops at Okolona, Canton and Carthage. Troops as far away as Port Hudson, La., were mobilized against the hard-riding former music teacher.
All was to no avail. It was swift-footed cavalry against slow, plodding infantry. It was impossible for the Confederates to effectively close in on Grierson's men.
Leaving Starkville, Grierson moved south toward Louisville, Miss. His Illinoisans pushed through a swamp–'a dismal swamp nearly belly-deep in mud,' as Grierson later described it–and swam their horses across streams. He detached a battalion to destroy a large tannery and shoe factory. The battalion succeeded, doing an estimated $50,000 in damage.
They pressed on, still moving, with no road visible, through the swamp and water of the Nuxubee River bottom, arriving at Louisville after sunset on the 22nd. Grierson threw out two battalions as pickets, bottling up the citizens to prevent any information about his route from getting out. Still, he showed real concern that Southern civilians and their property be protected, as the orders to the pickets included instructions to 'drive out stragglers, preserve order, and quiet the fears of the people.' Considering the behavior of many Union soldiers regarding the South during the war, such concerns were not unfounded. Grierson, though, could later write with justifiable pride that 'they [the Southerners] were protected in their persons and their property.' His men passed through Louisville without incident.
They soon struck another swamp and lost several horses to drowning. By midnight, they had reached a plantation 10 miles south of town, halting there until daybreak. They moved past Philadelphia, resting again until 10 o'clock that night. Two battalions of the 7th Illinois then moved on, ordered to pass through Decatur and hit the Southern Railroad at Newton Station, a major supply junction due east of Vicksburg. Grierson followed with the main column an hour later.
Preceding everyone, including the two point battalions, were nine men clad in Confederate uniforms. These volunteer Illinoisans, under the command of Sergeant Richard Surby, had been designated the 'Butternut Guerrillas' and were to prove their value as scouts again and again during the raid. This day they seized a telegraph station, preventing a warning of Grierson's approach.
Grierson arrived at Newton Station around 6 a.m. The advance battalions seized the hamlet and captured two trains. The main column soon joined them. Here was property of legitimate military value, and Grierson had no qualms about laying waste. Two locomotives, 25 freight cars filled with commissary stores and ammunition (including artillery shells intended for the garrison at Vicksburg), were burned, along with additional stores and 500 muskets found in town.
A battalion from the 6th Illinois rode east, destroying bridges, trestleworks and telegraph wire. Seventy-five prisoners were taken, but were soon paroled. Several men found–and inevitably helped themselves to–a supply of whiskey, but all were ready to move out by 2 p.m.
The Federals continued south, soon reaching Garlandville. Here they were met by shotgun-wielding civilians, 'many of them,' wrote Grierson, 'venerable with age.' The Illinoisans were fired upon and one man was wounded. A quick charge broke up the untrained Southerners, capturing several.
According to Grierson, the prisoners were apologetic, 'acknowledging their mistake, and declared that they had been grossly deceived as to our real character. One volunteered his services as a guide and upon leaving us declared that hereafter his prayers should be for the Union Army.' Grierson used this as a sample of the attitudes he encountered among civilians during the raid, describing the 'hundreds who are skulking and hiding out to avoid conscription, only to await the presence of our arms to sustain them, when they will rise up and declare their principles; and thousands who have been deceived upon vindication of our cause would immediately return to loyalty.'
To a point, the attitudes of the citizens of Garlandville must be taken with a grain of salt. They were, after all, surrounded by heavily armed soldiers whom they had very recently shot at and were thus liable to be disagreeable. Still, such dissension did exist in the South throughout the war. Poverty, food shortages, government policies that unfairly favored large plantation owners over poor farmers, destruction of home's and livelihoods–all this was stripping away loyalty to the Confederacy from many Southerners. The people of Garlandville had been willing to fight to defend their homes, but once they discovered the raiders meant them no harm, the obligation to bear arms against them disappeared. This was not really, as Grierson implied, due to any latent loyalty to the Union, but was rather part of the quite human desire to keep a roof over one's head and a moderate amount of food in one's stomach.
The raiders rode another 12 miles, stopping that night on a plantation belonging to a Dr. Mackadora, 50 miles from Newton Station. Newton had been the primary tactical objective of the raid. After leaving there, Grierson had complete discretion as to his route and final destination. The ride south through Garlandville had been to find a spot to rest and forage. His men would not be on the move again until the morning of the 26th. In the meantime, the Butternut Guerrillas were out gathering information about Confederate troop dispositions.
One of the scouts, dressed as a civilian, turned north, back toward the Southern Railroad, to cut the telegraph and perhaps burn a bridge or trestlework. Seven miles from the tracks, he ran into a regiment of Rebel cavalry from Brandon searching for Grierson. They were riding directly toward the Mackadora plantation, but the quick-thinking scout bluffed them. Claiming to have seen the raiders recently, he sent the horsemen galloping off in the wrong direction.
Grierson soon learned that Pemberton had been reinforcing Jackson and points east with infantry and artillery. He decided to move southwest, crossing the Pearl River and hitting the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern Railroad at Hazelhurst. From there, he would flank Confederate forces and eventually join Grant at Grand Gulf.
Pemberton, though, had finally guessed correctly regarding Grierson's intentions. He ordered Maj. Gen. John Bowen, commander of the Grand Gulf garrison, to detach seven Mississippi cavalry companies to intercept the raiders. This, in turn, further weakened Bowen, who would soon be meeting Grant's far superior force in battle. Pemberton was in a no-win situation. He could hardly allow a thousand enemy troops to romp around behind his lines, but the only way to stop them was by diverting men from strategically vital areas. By now, there was more than a division's worth of troops scattered about the state hoping to stop Grierson. This, of course, was the primary objective of the raid, beyond damaging Pemberton's supply line.
Rested and reprovisioned, the raiders set out again at 6 a.m. on April 26. They crossed the Leaf River, burning the bridge behind them. Arriving at Raleigh, they captured the county sheriff and confiscated $3,000 in cash, and then stopped for the night at Westville.
On April 27, the Butternut Guerrillas were again dressed in Confederate uniforms. Moving ahead of the main column, they seized a ferryboat on the Pearl River, presenting Grierson with an easy method of crossing. Reunited here with Forbes' B Company, the raiders moved on to Hazelhurst. Here a string of boxcars was burned, but the flames spread to nearby buildings and suddenly the whole town was in danger of going up. Grierson set his men to work alongside the townspeople, fighting to save Hazelhurst. A hard rain fell that night, helping to contain the blaze. It was not until well after dark that the Illinoisans could move on. Now their course was due west, toward Grand Gulf.
They continued west on the 28th. A battalion from the 7th Illinois was detached to double back to the railroad, destroying rails, telegraph wire and government property. The main column stopped at a plantation that afternoon, but the break did not prove restful. Without warning, the pickets were fired upon and Rebel horsemen charged forward, their sudden attack panicking many of the Illinoisans.
Grierson led a counterattack, and the Southerners, consisting merely of two understrength companies, were pushed back. The Federals kept pushing, driving the Rebels through the nearby town of Union Church and occupying it that night. The detached battalion rejoined them there.
The attackers were part of Colonel Wirt Adams' command, the Mississippi cavalrymen detached from Grand Gulf. The bulk of Adams' men were west of Union Church, waiting to ambush Grierson. A Butternut Guerrilla again saved the day, riding ahead in disguise and speaking with some of the Mississippians. Warned of the ambush, Grierson changed his plans. He made a brief demonstration to the west, then doubled back to the east. His final destination was now Baton Rouge. His men would have to ride an extra 100 miles, but the decision was unavoidable. Adams pursued, staying on Grierson's tail as far south as Greensburg, La.
Five hundred armed citizens and conscripts awaited the raiders at Brookhaven, a town astride the Great Northern Railroad 20 miles south of Hazelhurst. The raiders charged into town, quickly ending resistance. The town proved to contain a 'camp of instruction'–what would nowadays be called boot camp. Prisoners were paroled and the camp, along with the railroad and the telegraph was destroyed. Once again, flames jumped onto civilian buildings and once again, despite the loss of precious time, Grierson's men helped to save a town. The raiders turned south, riding eight more miles before making camp at a plantation.
Elsewhere on the 29th, William Sherman was carrying out his demonstration near Chickasaw Bluffs. Farther south Union gunboats spent six hours bombarding Grand Gulf in preparation of Grant's crossing. But the Confederate positions remained intact. Grant was forced to move again, intending now to cross at undefended Bruinsburg.
The raiders continued south on April 30, destroying bridges, water tanks and trestleworks, and burning the depot and 15 freight cars at Bogue Chitto Station. They reached Summit as sunset neared. Grierson ordered the destruction of 25 freight cars and a large cache of government sugar, but spared the depot itself. He did not want to risk a fire again spreading into town, and he could not afford to lose more time while his men fought the blaze.
Grierson ordered his men to remount–some were a bit unsteady in the saddle after discovering a supply of rum–and made six more miles before camping. On May 1 they turned west, then south, making a'straight line for Baton Rouge, and let speed be our safety,' as Grierson phrased it. The raiders were to cover 76 miles in the next 28 hours.
They neared Magnolia and later 0syka, but both towns were bypassed because they contained enemy troops. About noon, they reached Wall's Bridge across the Tickfaw River. Three companies of the 9th Tennessee Cavalry greeted them there.
Grierson's lead company suffered eight casualties (accounting for nearly all the battle losses he suffered throughout the raid), but the Illinoisans pressed their attack against their outnumbered foe. The Confederate pickets were captured, then Grierson's artillery rumbled up and shelled the enemy position across the river. A charge swept the bridge and sent the Tennesseans running, leaving a number of dead, wounded and captured comrades behind.
'The enemy were now on our track in earnest,' wrote Grierson. Captured dispatches told him that Rebel troops were closing in from all sides. He continued to gallop south, riding all that night, pushing his exhausted men to their limits. They crossed the Amite River at Williams' Bridge at midnight, two hours ahead of a heavy column of infantry and artillery.
By now, the Confederates had plenty else to keep them occupied. Grant's troops crossed the Mississippi on May 1 and were moving up to take Grand Gulf from the rear. Bowen moved his 6,000 available troops to Port Gibson, intercepting Grant. But the unfortunate Bowen, stripped of his cavalry and having received no reinforcements, was outnumbered 4-to-1. He fought all day, inflicting a disproportionate number of casualties, but was inevitably forced to retreat and abandon Port Gibson. Grant, at last, had a secure bridgehead on the east side of the Mississippi.
Grierson's men reached Sandy Creek at dawn on May 2, surprising and capturing a Southern cavalry unit camped there. The camp, with 150 tents, plus guns, ammunition and documents, was destroyed.
The raiders kept going, surprising another cavalry unit at Roberts' Ford across the Comite River. After a brief skirmish, 40 Rebels were captured along with their horses and equipment. They forded the river, with many of the horses forced to swim across the deep water.
The men reached their limit just six miles short of Baton Rouge. Grierson called a halt, letting them sleep alongside the road. Grierson himself wound down by playing a piano found in a nearby plantation house, but was interrupted by a picket shouting that they were about to be overrun by Rebels coming at them from the west.
Grierson guessed the identity of the approaching men and rode out to meet them. As he suspected, they were Union cavalry from Baton Rouge, riding out to meet the raiders. Grierson's exhausted and filthy troops rode into the Louisiana capital at 3 p.m., greeted by cheering soldiers and civilians alike. They paraded around the public square, then found a magnolia grove south of town where they could simply collapse and catch up on two weeks' worth of sleep.
Grierson's raiders had traveled more than 600 miles in 16 days, virtually without rest and often limited to one hastily eaten meal per day. One hundred Confederates had been killed or wounded and another 50D had been captured (most of whom were later paroled). The raiders destroyed more than 50 miles of railroad and telegraph, 3,000 stand of arms and thousands of dollars worth of supplies and property. A thousand mules and horses were also captured. In addition, they had tied up virtually all of Pemberton's cavalry, one-third of his infantry, and at least two regiments of artillery.
All this was accomplished at a cost of only three dead and seven wounded. Five men too sick to continue had been left behind, and nine men, presumed stragglers, were missing. The 7th Illinois' surgeon and sergeant major stayed behind with a mortally wounded officer at Wall's Bridge. Added to Hatch's losses, the casualties numbered 36, only about 2 percent of the total command. Grierson was quite justified when he later remarked, 'The Confederacy is a hollow shell.' Rebels in Mississippi, as everywhere else in the South, were spread too thin to do their jobs.
Grierson suddenly and uncomfortably discovered he was a hero. 'I, like Byron,' he wrote his wife, Alice, 'have had to wake up one morning and find myself famous.' He was sent by steamboat to New Orleans, where he encountered 'one continuous ovation.' His picture was featured on the covers of Harper's Weekly and Leslie's Illustrated. He was breveted to brigadier general and later major general of volunteers.
Grierson continued to serve with distinction, commanding first a division, then a cavalry corps in Tennessee. Despite his continuing distrust of horses, he remained in the Regular Army after the war, battling Indians as a colonel with the 10th U.S. Cavalry. He retired as a brigadier general in 1890 and died in 1911.
Following the raid, Grant continued to advance eastward. Joined by Sherman's division, he now had 40,000 men in Mississippi. Pemberton had 30,000, but many of them were scattered across the state and he lacked time to concentrate his forces. Bowen was forced to abandon Grand Gulf, and Grant was virtually unopposed as he marched to Jackson, burning that city, and then swung west to besiege Vicksburg. He advanced with a supply line–Grierson had helped to demonstrate that troops could live off the land, appropriating food from farms and plantations as they progressed. It was a lesson dramatically learned and daringly taught–that others would study in the flame-darkened days to come. |
depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
Edited by - lwood on 01/08/2011 21:29:28 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
Posted - 24/08/2011 : 20:41:13
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MISSOURI I KANSAS –RATNE OPERACIJE I GERILA
Mnogi stanovnici Missourija podupirali su odcijepljenje. Državna infrastruktura povezivala je Missouri uglavnom sa sjevernim i istocnim dijelom SAD. Nadalje, slobodne države Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, i Nebraska granicile su s Missourijem i držale ga u svojevrsnom poluokruženju. Jedini dodir Missourija s Konfederacijom bio je granica s Arkansasom na jugu i manjim dijelom s Tennesseejem i Kentuckyjem na jugozapadu. Usprkos pritisku projužnjackog guvernera Claibornea Jacksona, skupština Missourija izglasala je ostanak u Uniji pa se cekao dalji razvoj dogadaja. Bivši guverner Sterling Price pokušavao je pomiriti suprotstavljene frakcije ali njegovi napori nisu urodili uspjehom. Kongresmen Francis Blair podiže unionisticku domacu gardu dok Jackson poziva miliciju. Jackson osuduje Lincolnov poziv dobrovoljcima kao “ilegalan, neustavan i revolucionaran u svojoj svrsi”. Blair nudi domacu gardu Nathanielu Lyonu, federalnom zapovjedniku u St Louisu. Lyon okuplja ljude u vojnu službu.
 Hrabar, cesto nepromišljen i nagao, Nathaniel Lyon razvio je reputaciju u skladu sa svojom gadnom naravi i mržnji prema južnjacima. Nadao se ratu do uništenja secesionista i njegov antagonizam ubrzao je krvoprolice u Missouriju. Njegove odluke na bojnom polju stajale su ga života kod Wilson’s Creeka. Lyon je bio prvi sjevernjacki general koji je poginuo u gradanskom ratu cime postaje “mucenik” za stvar Unije.
Lyon se pribojavao da ce secesionisti zauzeti vojni arsenal u St Louisu. Ustvari to je Jackson i namjeravao, ali Lyon udara prvi i zauzima oružarnicu sa 60.000 pušaka. Tada, prerušen, osobno izvida tabor južnjacke milicije. Usprkos glasinama da se milicija namjerava raspustiti, okružuje tabor i zarobljava 600 pripadnika milicije Missourija. Dok su sjevernjaci sprovodili zarobljenike ulicama grada, duž ceste okupilo se mnoštvo gledatelja. Neki su poceli provocirati vojnike i kad je gomila postala nasilna Lyonovi ljudi otvaraju vatru i ubijaju njih 28. Za tu akciju Lyon je promaknut u cin brigadira i povjereno mu je zapovjedništvo nad 10.000 vojnika. Jackson prima pomoc Konfederacije i imenuje Sterlinga Pricea zapovjednikom južnjackih trupa u Missouriju.
Napori za obuzdavanjem daljeg krvoprolica propadaju kad sastanak izmedu Pricea i Lyona rezultira daljnjim prijetnjama, ispadima i incidentima na terenu.
Sredinom lipnja 1861. Lyon zauzima Jefferson City, prisliivši Jacksona i pro-konfederalne zakonodavce na bijeg u jugozapadno podrucje Missourija. Preostali pripadnici Skupštine pod pritiscima Lyona okupljaju se ponovo i proglašavaju novim zakonodavcima. Izabiru unionistickog guvernera i proklamiraju lojalnost Sjedinjenim Državama. Jackson i odbjegli zakonodavci pak proglašavaju odcijepljenje Missourija.
U kolovozu Lyon sa 6.000 vojnika krece prema jugozapadu Missourija. 10 milja južno od Springfielda otkriva Priceovu južnjacku vojsku, dvostruko brojniju od njegove, ulogorenu pored Wilson’s Creeka. 10.kolovoza unionisti pokrecu iznenadni napad, ali konfederalisti su izvojevali pobjedu u bitki u kojoj je i Lyon izgubio život. Na obje strane bilo je oko 1.200 žrtava, sjevernjaci su se povukli u Rollu, dok je Price napredovao prema Lexingtonu. Nakon što John C. Fremont, zapovjednik Zapadnog odsjeka, pokrece 38.000 unionistickih vojnika zapadno od St Louisa, Price se povlaci natrag, preko granice s Arkansasom.
Od Fremontovog dolaska u srpnju i njegove odluke o osnivanju Vojnog suda, stekao je mocne politicke protivnike. Najštetnija njegova odluka bila je ona o zapljeni imovine konfederalnih simpatizera ukljucujuci i njihovih robova. Ta de facto odluka o emancipaciji robova bila je previše za mnoge stanovnike Missourija pa je Lincoln (želeci još neko vrijeme u središnjim državama održavati status quo po tom pitanju) bio prisiljen povuci odredene poteze. 2.studenog razriješuje dužnosti Fremonta i imenuje Henryja H. Hallecka na celo vojnog odsjeka “Missouri”. Unionisti se povlace u središnji Missouri, pa Konfederalisti ulaze u Springfield (na jugozapadu Missourija).
Duž pogranicnog podrucja Kansasa i Missourija razbuktava se gerilski rat. Senator iz Kansasa Jim Lane vodio je mnoge upade sjevernjackih gerilaca u Missouri i ubijao svakog tko bi mu se našao na putu, bez obzira na dob i spol. Stanovnici Missourija zvali su ga “Okrutni poglavica”. U Kansas Cityju, dr.Charles Jennison organizirao je vlastitu pljackašku bandu, regrutirajuci ljudstvo iz lokalnih zatvora. Stvorio je vlastitu sadisticku reputaciju dodavajuci silovanja i osakacivanja u svoj program terora. Lane, Jennison i ostali unionisticki gerilci (poznati i kao Red-Legs, zbog crvenih hlaca koje su nosili) svojim postupcima znatno su doprinjeli okretanju mnogih stanovnika Missourija prema Konfederaciji. Guverner Kansasa smatrao ih je bandom “razarajucih andela”.
U ožujku 1862. slijedi odgovor konfederalaca u vidu Williama J. Quantrilla (bivšeg ucitelja iz Ohia), koji je poveo gerilski odred u Kansas. Vješt jahac predodreden za vodu, Quantrill ubrzo zadobiva zastrašujucu reputaciju, i njegovi “Bushwhackers” postaju najpoznatiji konfederalni gerilci zapadno od Mississippija. Quantrill nije samo napadao civile, vec i unionisticke ophodnje i instalacije, odvlaceci federalne trupe od njihovih glavnih dužnosti.
1863. unionisti formiraju “Granicni okrug” i daju zadatak bivšem sucu iz Kansasa Thomasu Ewingu da osigura granicu izmedu Missourija i Kansasa. Ewing je prije toga služio kod Lanea pa je jedan od njegovih prvih koraka kao zapovjednika bio zatvoriti južnjacke simpatizere. 13.8.1863. pet žena je poginulo a nekoliko desetaka osakaceno prilikom urušavanja zatvora. Vec razbješnjene zbog Ewingove politike, ovaj dogadaj dodatno je razjario Quantrillove ljude koji u potrazi za osvetom 21.8.1863. napadaju Lawrence u Kansasu. U napadu su ubili 150 civila i zapalili grad prije bijega preko medudržavne granice. Ewing je izvršio odmazdu, primijenjujuci Opcu zapovijed br.11, što je rezultiralo deportacijom 20.000 stanovnika Missourija iz nekoliko okruga duž granice s Kansasom. Nakon što su te civile poslali u egzil, Unionisti su im opustošili farme i domove. Ewingove represivne mjere doprinjele su eskalaciji krvoprolica u pogranicnom podrucju. U listopadu Quantrill vrši pokolj nad unionistickim trupama kod Baxter Springsa u Kansasu, a 1864. jedan od njegovih porucnika, William Anderson, potukao je neprijateljske snage kod Kingsvillea u Missouriju. Kod Andersona sukob je bio osobne naravi. Oca su mu ubili sjevernjacki gerilci (“Jayhawkers”), a sestra mu je poginula u nikad razjašnjenim okolnostima u vec spomenutom urušavanju zatvora u Kansas Cityju, pa je posljedicno gajio veliku mržnju prema sjevernjacima. Njegovi gerilci odražavali su stav i držanje svog vode, usvajajuci nemilosrdni nacin ratovanja. Anderson je bilježio svako ubojstvo vezanjem cvora na vrpci i stavljanjem skalpova neprijatelja na uzdu. Ubrzo je dobio nadimak “Bloody Bill” i njegov napad na Centraliju, Missouri, u rujnu 1864. ubraja se medu najstrašnije u ratu.
Po svršetku rata mnogi gerilski odredi nisu se predali vec su radije bili raspušteni. Dok Quantrill i Anderson nisu doživjeli završetak rata, neki koji su služili s njima, poput Franka i Jesse Jamesa, nastavili su svoj nasilni put kao poslijeratni odmetnici. Gerilsko djelovanje zapadno od Mississippija nije utjecalo na ishog gradanskog rata. Gerilski prepadi, medutim, prisilili su obje strane na prerasporedivanje vojnih resursa radi suzbijanja gerilskih aktivnosti.
GLAVNI AKTERI GERILSKOG RATOVANJA U MISSOURIJU I KANSASU:
William Clarke Quantrill (Jug)
William “Bloody Bill” Anderson (Jug)
Senator James Lane (Sjever)
Dr. Charles Jennison (Sjever)
QUANTRILLOV NAPAD NA LAWRENCE, KANSAS, 21.8.1863.
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Edited by - dsormaz1 on 24/08/2011 20:53:56 |
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bjelolasica
stripovi.com suradnik
Croatia
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dsormaz1
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Posted - 14/09/2011 : 20:43:04
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RATNE OPERACIJE NA RIJEKAMA
Cak vece važnosti od blokade bio je ucinak i sposobnost pomorskih snaga Unije u vodenju rata na širem podrucju izmedu Appalachian Mountains i rijeke Mississippi, pozornice ratnih operacija jednostavnije poznate kao ''Zapad''. Za razliku od istocnih rijeka koje su tekle uglavnom od zapada prema istoku i služile kao barijere napredovanju unionista, glavne plovne rijeke na zapadnom ratištu tekle su uglavnom od sjevera prema jugu (ili obratno) i stoga su služile kao svojevrsni putevi Unijinog napredovanja. Pored Mississippija, rijecne eskadre Unije djelovale su i na rijekama Tennessee i Cumberland, koristeci sve tri rijeke za probijanje konfederalne obrane.
Borbu za zapadne rijeke karakteriziralo je nadmetanje izmedu konfederalnih utvrda i unijinih topovnjaca. Južnjaci grade utvrde niže od granice Tennessee –Kentucky, na sve tri rijeke: Fort Donelson na Cumberlandu, Fort Henry na Tennesseeju, i Island Number 10 na Mississippiju. Za razliku od utvrda od kamena i opeke koje je 1830.-ih i 40-ih duž obale gradila inženjerija americke vojske, ove su bile uglavnom napravljene od blata i drva za nekoliko mjeseci, sve tri pokazale su se «ranjive», iz razlicitih razloga.
Za uspješan napad na te utvrde vojska Unije i mornarica morale su suradivati.
U 19.stoljecu, medutim, nije bilo protokola za takvu suradnju. Vojska i mornarica bile su u potpunosti neovisne jedna o drugoj: svaka služba imala je vlastito ministarstvo, i nije bilo nikog osim predsjednika tko bi zapovijedao s obje. Kao posljedica, zajednicka suradnja bila je kljucna za operacije Unije na Zapadu. Kad bi casnici vojske i mornarice dogovorili zajednicku suradnju Unija je uglavnom postizala uspjehe; kad ne bi, rezultat bi bio razocaranje i neuspjeh.
Poput brodova koji su provodili blokadu obale, mnoge od ranih rijecnih topovnjaca bile su jednostavno prenamijenjeni trgovacki brodovi. S vremenom industrijska superiornost Unije omogucavala je proizvodnju ratnih brodova posebno dizajniranih i oblikovanih za djelovanje u cesto plitkim vodama sporog toka, kakve su uglavnom bile zapadne rijeke. Samuel Pook dizajnirao je i izgradio sedam željezom oklopljenih brodova, ravnog dna, koji su imali teške baterije topova na pramcu i krmi, kao i duž brodskih bokova. Usprkos oklopu, imali su relativno plitak gaz od samo 6 stopa i mogli su ploviti cak i u malim pritocima. Nazvani «Pookove kornjace» , ovi brodovi postaju okosnica Unijine rijecne flote. Konfederacija nije bila dorasla tehnološkim i industrijskim mogucnostima Unije. U pomankanju sirovina i materijala za proizvodnju brodskih parostrojeva, morali su uzimati strojeve iz rijecnih parobroda, u nemogucnosti proizvodnje dovoljnih kolicina željezne oplate, cesto bi oklopili brodove težom drvnom gradom i pamucnim stabljikama, a u pomankanju obilnije opskrbe brodskim topovima uglavnom bi naoružavali svoje brodove samo s jednim ili dva topa.
Unija je prva udarila na Fort Henry na rijeci Tennessee. Brigadni general Ulysses S. Grant planirao je napad na utvrdu s kopnene strane dok su oklopljene topovnjace zapovjednika rijecne eskadre Andrewa Footea bombardirale utvrdu s rijeke. U dvoboju izmedu Footeovih topovnjaca i utvrde, jedan dobro naciljani hitac iz utvrde Henry prošao je kroz tanki oklop Essexa i, prodrijevši do parnog kotla, stavio brod van upotrebe. Usprkos tome, mnoštvo projektila ispaljenih od strane Footeove male flotile prisililo je utvdru Henry na predaju prije dolaska Grantovih vojnika. Kasnije, Footeove topovnjace plove uzvodno, dalje od utvrde, kako bi uništile kljucni željeznicki most na rijeci Tennessee i tako odsijekle glavnu istocno-zapadnu komunikacijsku vezu konfederalne vojske u Tennesseeju.
Foote nije mogao ponoviti ovaj uspjeh prilikom napada na Fort Donelson. Svega nekih 6 milja istocno od Fort Henryja, Fort Donelson na rijeci Cumberland bio je poveznica s konfederalnim snagama na Zapadu. Footeove topovnjace bile su znatno manje ucinkovite ovdje uglavnom zbog položaja utvrde smještene na uzvisini, pa su njezini topnici imali dobar pregled prilikom gadanja brodova na nižoj razini. Ovom prilikom, Grantova vojska okružila je utvrdu s kopnene strane i prisilia je na predaju.
Vojno –mornaricka suradnja bila je posebno ocita prilikom unionistickog napada na ''Island Number 10'' na Mississippiju. Još je jednom Foote zapovijedao eskadrom rijecnih topovnjaca, Grant nastavlja napredovati uzvodno uz rijeku Tennessee prema maloj seoskoj crkvi zvanoj Shiloh, dok je kontigent unionisticke vojske kod Islanda Number 10 bio pod zapovjedništvom general-bojnika Johna Popea. Popeova vojska zauzima New Madrid (Missouri) na zapadnoj obali rijeke Mississippi, ali glavnina konfederalne obrane bila je na istocnoj obali i na otoku zvanom Island Number 10 (jer bio je 10.otok po redu od stjecišta rijeka Ohio i Mississippi). Konfederalni položaj bio je zašticen neprohodnim mocvarnim terenom na istoku i rijekom na zapadu.
Pope i Foote spoznali su da mogu postici uspjeh samo ako se brodovi na rijeci budu nekako mogli povezati s Popeovom vojskom na zapadnoj obali rijeke, i prenijeti vojnike preko kako bi napali konfederalnu obranu bocno i u pozadini.
4.travnja 1862. (dva dana prije bitke kod Shiloha) kapetan Henry Walke dobrovoljno se javio za prolazak svog broda Carondeleta pored južnjackih baterija na otoku Island Number 10. Usprkos mucnoj plovidbi, Walke i Carondelet sigurno su prošli, i sljedece noci druga oklopnjaca ponovila je njihov uspjeh. Ovi brodovi uspješno su štitili prelazak Popeove vojske preko rijeke do ranjivog boka i pozadine južnjacke obrane, što je rezultiralo spektakularnom pobjedom sjevernjaka, uz minimalne gubitke.
Henry Walke, kapetan bojnog broda, zapovjedao je oklopnjacom «Carondelet» prilikom njezina smionog prolaska pored 10 baterija Islanda Number 10, u travnju 1862.
USS Carondelet bila je jedna od oklopnjaca koju je brzo projektirao Samuel Pook za upotrebu na zapadnim rijekama.
Tri tjedna kasnije, na drugom kraju Mississippija, admiral David Glasgow Farragut ponavlja Walkeov uspjeh puno šireg razmjera prošavši brodovima pored utvrda južno od New Orleansa, napredujuci do Crescent Cityja. S obzirom da je glavnina konfederalnih trupa bila povucena iz New Orleansa kako bi se koncentrirale protiv Granta kod Shiloha, New Orleans nije imao izbora osim predaje. Konfederacija je tako izgubila svoj najveci i najvažniji grad, što je bio dogadaj od velikog strateškog znacaja.
Uspjeh brodovlja Unije na sjevernom i južnom kraju rijeke Mississippi ostavio je Konfederaciji kontrolu nad samo 120 milja raspona rijeke izmedu Vicksburga (Mississippi) i Port Hudsona (Louisiana). Kljuc tog preostalog dijela rijeke bilo je južnjacko uporište kod Vicksburga. Smješten visoko na strmoj obali na položaju ns kojeg se pružao dobar pregled nad rijekom i okolicom, Vicksburg je bio poput konfederalnog Gibraltara. Uspjeh Unije tamo ne bi mogao biti postignut bez suradnje s mornarickom rijecnom flotilom, tada pod zapovjedništvom kontraadmirala Davida Dixona Portera.
David Dixon Porter zapovijedao je rijecnom flotilom na Mississippiju kao aktivni kontra-admiral za vrijeme unijine kampanje protiv konfederalnog uporišta u Vicksburgu (proljece –ljeto 1863.). Porterova sposobnost u suradnji s Grantom bila je kljucni element uspjeha Unije.
''Triumvirat'' Granta, Shermana i Portera bio je model ucinkovitog zajednickog zapovjedništva, posebno u usporedbi s nekooperativnošcu i svadama koje su karakterizirale konfederalnu zapovjednu hijerarhiju. Kad je pocetkom travnja 1863. Grant zatražio od Portera da prode sa svojom eskadrom mimo topnickih baterija Vicksburga, Porter se složio da ce pokušati iako nije bio obvezan to uciniti. Grant mu nije bio nadreden, i ako bi pothvat propao Porter bi morao preuzeti krivicu za riskantan pokušaj. Nakon nekoliko kompliciranih manevara, teških borbi i 47-dnevne opsade Vicksburg je kapitulirao 4.srpnja 1863. –dan poslije bitke kod Gettysburga u dalekoj Pennsylvaniji. Uskoro nakon toga predao se i Port Hudson.
Drugi dio Scottovog plana «Anaconda» bio je izvršen. Osvajanje ove posljednje glavne rijecne utvrde na Mississippiju bio je dalekovidni cilj Unije. Zarobivši 30.000 vojnika u gradu i zadobivanjem kontrole nad rijekom, Sjever je ucinkovito presjekao Konfederaciju na dva dijela.
Nabrzinu izgraden u Britaniji 1864., za probijanje blokade, «The Colonel Lamb» imao je nekoliko uspješnih plovidbi i nikad nije bio uhvacen.
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bjelolasica
stripovi.com suradnik
Croatia
5106 Posts
Member since 30/08/2009 |
Posted - 14/09/2011 : 22:02:38
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Poznato o nepoznatom.
Prva japanska oklopnjaca Kotetsuje prije plovidbe pod zastavom zemlje izlazeceg sunca promjenila pet zastava. Izgradena u Francuskoj pod imenom Sphynx. John Slidell je zamolio Napoleona treceg da mu izgradi oklopnjacu, ali kada je brod bio gotov Unia je blokirala njegovo isplovljavanje a su je Južnjaci prodali Danskoj. Danci su od nje odustali i preuzile su je Južnjaci. Prelazak Antlantika blokirali su Sjevernjaci pa je oklopnjaca Stonewall, kako se tada zvala, pristala na Bahame šestog svibnja i tamo je kapetan Page saznao da je rat završio. Otplovio je u Havanu gdje je brod prodao za 16 000 dolara španjolskoj. Španjolci su brod za isti novac prodali ujaku Samu ds bi na kraju 1868 postala japanska sve do 1888. kada je umirovljena.
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Don’t beat me massa!Please don’t beat me massa!Don’t beat this tired old body! No, no!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8D93Awa434 |
Edited by - bjelolasica on 14/09/2011 22:04:34 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
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dsormaz1
Advanced Member
13147 Posts
Member since 28/04/2002 |
Posted - 19/10/2011 : 21:01:56
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ARKANSAS
U sijecnju 1862. predsjednik Davis postavlja Earla Van Dorna za zapovjednika konfederalnih snaga zapadno od Mississippija. Van Dorn je vjerovao u poduzimanje brze akcije i usmjerio pogled prema St Louisu. Do ožujka, medutim, federalna vojska pod zapovjedništvom Samuela Curtisa vec je potisnula generala Pricea u Arkansas. Curtis je imao zapovjedi da pocisti konfederaliste iz jugozapadnog Missourija što je i napravio.
Van Dorn stiže pocetkom ožujka bolestan i iscrpljen od putovanja. Procijenivši položaj Curtisove vojske odlucio je kako nece ici u frontalni napad, vec izdaje zapovjed za zaobilaženje federalnog desnog krila. Marš je trajao cijelu noc i u zoru Price dostiže cilj, duboko u federalnoj pozadini, istocno od Big Mountaina, lokalnog naziva Pea Ridge. Na vrijeme je Van Dorn zapovjedio generalu Benu McCullochu (konfederalnom zapovjedniku u zapadnom Arkansasu i Indijanskom teritoriju) da napreduje istocno preko Leetowna i pridruži se Priceu kod Elkhorn Taverna. Usprkos rizicnom dijeljenju vojske, pothvat ce, pokaže li se uspješnim, izboriti priznanje Van Dornu.
Za vrijeme noci 6. ožujka 1862.Curtis je posumnjao da se nešto sprema, pa je preusmjerio unionisticku bojnu liniju za 180 stupnjeva. Prema tome, McCullochov marš doveo je njegove vojnike unutar federalnog pušcanog dometa. Vojske su se žestoko sukobile kod Leetowna, sjevernjacki strijelci ubili su McCullocha što je unijelo nered i zbrku medu južnjackim trupama. Za to vrijeme Price se održao kod Elkhorn Taverna, a Curtis je odbacen do polja južno od Pea Ridgea. Sljedeceg dana Curtis pokrece siloviti protunapad i konfederalisti se povlace. Prije bitke Van Dorn se hvalio kako ce zauzeti St Louis. Kasnije se izgovarao kako nije poražen vec je ''samo osujecen u svojim nakanama''. Usprkos tome Pea Ridge je bio pobjeda Unije. Van Dornova vojska imala je 2000 žrtava, a Curtisova 1000, ukljucujuci mnoge vojnike iz Iowe koje su osakatili, zatukli sjekirama i skalpirali Cherokeeji koji su se borili na strani Konfederacije. Znacaj bitke ležao je u strateškoj pobjedi Sjevera. Kod Pea Ridgea u Arkansasu osiguran je Missouri kao podrucje Unije.
Poslije Pea Ridgea unionisti se pomicu istocnije, kako bi osigurali granicu s Missourijem. Kad je vlada u Richmondu zapovijedila Van Dornu da se povuce preko Mississippija, Curtis se okrece prema Little Rocku. Premještanje konfederalnih snaga iz Arkansasa cinilo se kao namjera Richmonda za napuštanjem te države. Bez trupa koje bi ga štitile, Arkansas se okrece gerilskom ratovanju i napadi na federalne opskrbne linije promijenili su Curtisove planove za Little Rock. Curtis brzo usmjerava pozornost prema gradu Heleni. U pohodu koji je nagovještavao nadolazece dogadaje primjenjuje totalni rat i trupe Unije sjurile su se niz White River, uništavajuci sve što im se našlo na putu. Helena pada 12. srpnja.
Šest tjedana ranije vlada u Richmondu stavlja podrucja zapadno od Mississippija na razinu vojnog odsjeka i postavlja Thomasa Hindmana za zapovjednika. Arkansaški general Hindman svecano se obvezao da ce odbaciti invazijske trupe ili poginuti u pokušaju da to ucini. Vjerovao je da su konjaništvo i gerilci dovoljni za dobivanje rata, i medu konjanickim jedinicama koje je okupio missourijska ''Iron Brigade'' Josepha Shelbyja postala je jedna od najucinkovitijih borbenih postrojbi u Konfederaciji. U rujnu 1863. Shelby je poveo svoje ljude u jedan od najdužih konjanickih pohoda, prešavši 1500 milja za 41 dan kroz Arkansas i Missouri.
Dok se Hindman pokazao kao vješt organizator, zbog svojih strogih i priprostih metoda zamjerio se mnogima, pa biva premješten u arkansaško okružno zapovjedništvo. Umjesto njega, vremešni veteran Theophilus Holmes preuzima zapovjedništvo nad podrucjem zapadno od Mississippija. Holmes, kojeg su njegovi ljudi zvali ''Old Granny'', bio je pretjerano oprezan. Odbacio je Hindmanov prijedlog za invazijom jugozapadnog Missourija, ali poslije savjetovanja sa svojim casnicima odobrio je pokret prema sjeverozapadnom dijelu Arkansasa.
Curtis je ocekivao takav potez i preuzevši od Hallecka zapovjedništvo nad Missourijem, zapovjeda Johnu Schofieldu da preuzme pogranicnu vojsku i osigura sjeverozapadni Arkansas. Schofield je raštrkao svoje snage duž cijelog podrucja i tako Hindmanu dao povoljnu priliku. Pocetkom prosinca 1863. Hindman s 11 tisuca vojnika maršira sjeverno, od Fort Smitha prema izoliranim unionistickim snagama kod Cane Hilla. Sjevernjacki zapovjednik James Blunt s 5 tisuca vojnika odlucio se suociti s prijetnjom. Zatražio je pomoc od Francisa Herrona u Springfieldu.
Bluntova odluka bila je nepromišljena. Umjesto da se povuce kako bi se susreo s pojacanjima, nagnao je Herrona na poduzimanje usiljenog marša od preko 120 milja. Herronov marš bio je jedan od najvecih pothvata tog rata. Njegovih 7 tisuca ljudi prelazi 35 milja dnevno. 7.prosinca prije zore stižu do Fayettevillea.
Kad je Hindman nacuo da se Herron približava, zauzeo je poziciju kod Prairie Grovea, 10 milja zapadno od Fayettevillea na brežuljcima s kojih je imao pregled nad rijekom Illinois. Iako malobrojniji, Herronovi ljudi bili su bolje uvježbani i opremljeni od Hindmanovih regruta i vojske su zapocele boj koji je nakon nekog vremena rezultirao svojevrsnom pat-pozicijom. Kako je bitka lagano zamirala, pristigao je Blunt sa svojim ljudima i napao Hindmanovo lijevo krilo. Dan je bio dosta hladan pa su ranjenici otpuzali do stogova sijena kako bi pronašli neki zaklon, ali rasprskavajuci projektili zapalili su sijeno i mnogi su živi izgorili. Sa zalaskom sunca naglo je došlo do zastoja bitke u kojoj niti jedna strana nije postigla pobjedu.
Te noci divlje svinje ''gostile '' su se pougljenjenim ljudskim truplima ostavljenima na bojnom polju. Jedan veteran bitke opisao je sablasnu scenu kao najodvratniju i najstrašniju koju je vidio u ratu.
Hindman je zatražio primirje kako bi pokupio ranjenike. Poslije ponoci, dok je prekid vatre još bio na snazi, Konfederalisti se povlace. Prilikom mucnog povlacenja prema Little Rocku, stotine južnjaka su dezertirale, razocarane ishodom ratnih operacija, Hindmanom i Konfederacijom. Poput Pea Ridgea, Prairie Grove bio je strateška pobjeda Unije. Ako je Pea Ridge zatvorio vrata Konfederalistima za bilo kakav buduci prodor prema Missouriju, Prairie Grove ih je definitivno zakljucao. Sjever je sada kontrolirao podrucje iznad rijeke Arkansas od Indijanskog teritorija do Mississippija. Do rujna su pali Little Rock i Pine Bluff pa se sjena Unije spustila na jugozapadni Arkansas.
Poraz je šokirao Konfederaliste zapadno od Mississippija pa je Richmond imenovao Edmunda Kirbyja Smitha za zapovjednika odsjeka ''Trans –Mississippi''. Casnik s West Pointa koji se proslavio kod Manassasa i u Kentuckyju, dugovao je svoje unaprijedenje politicarima iz Missourija i Arkansasa koji su vršili pritiske na predsjednika Davisa za njegovim imenovanjem. Shodno tome, Smith je davao prednost tim državama nauštrb ostalom konfederalnom podrucju zapadno od Mississippija.
Temperamentni i odvažni Earl Van Dorn bio je dva puta ranjavan i dobio je dva cina dok je gradio vojnu karijeru služeci na Granici. Kad je izbio gradanski rat služio je u Texasu dok nije unaprijeden u zapovjednika svih južnjackih snaga zapadno od Mississippija. Nakon neuspjeha na tom položaju kasnije se istaknuo kao konjanicki voda, posebno u operacijama protiv Granta u Mississippiju. Njegova slabost prema ženama odvela ga je u smrt kad ga 1863. ubija jedan ljubomorni suprug.
Thomas C. Hindman poslije rata protiv Meksika doselio se iz Tennesseeja u Arkansas , 1858. pobjeduje na izborima za Kongres. Kao gorljivi secesionist, pridružio se Konfederaciji i uzdignuo do zapovjednika, prvo brigade, pa divizije, korpusa i vojne oblasti.Žestok kao ratnik, isticao se osobnošcu, u bitku je išao uvijek elegantno odjeven. Poslije rata ostao je nepokoreni pobunjenik, 1868. pogiba u atentatu u svome domu u Heleni.
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Edited by - dsormaz1 on 19/10/2011 21:45:30 |
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lwood
Advanced Member
Colombia
47132 Posts
Member since 09/12/2005 |
Posted - 19/10/2011 : 21:21:01
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depresivni iskompleksirani primitivac i nadrkana budala kojeg financira stari i koji sa skoro 50 godina nema ni žene ni posla.Pa naravno da je ljut na sve, a narocito na one koji su uspješni.
Jbga Lwoode nisam ti ja kriv kaj nisi uspio u životu |
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bjelolasica
stripovi.com suradnik
Croatia
5106 Posts
Member since 30/08/2009 |
Posted - 30/10/2011 : 20:03:52
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John Brown Gordon iliti Terminator!
Covjek je preživo devet ranjavanja i umro u dobi od 71 godine.
U Sedmodnevnoj bici biva pogoden u ruku i petak mu je odnio dio uniforme. U bici za Malvern Hill ranjen je u oko.
U bici za Sharpsburg ili Antientan dok je držao položaj kod "potonule ceste" biva ranjen pet puta. Prvi metak ga u ovoj bici pogada u donji dio noge, drugi se zabija malo iznad prvog, dok treci prolazi kroz njegovu ljevu ruku. Nastavio je voditi ljude iako su mišici i tetive bili ošteceni, a mala atrerija je bila prekinuta. Cetvrti metak se zabija u rame, a peti ga ruši na pod nakon što ga je pogodio u ljevi obraz i izašao kroz celjust.
Ponovno u glavu dobiva 25. 8. 1864. u bici za Smithfield Crossing, ali on je samo obrisao krv koja mu je kapala i nastavio borbu. konacno još jednu ranu u nozi dobiva tjekom bitke za Fort Stedman.
Nakon rata bio je veliki protivnik rekonstrukcije i pretpostavlja se da je bio voda KKK-a u Georgiji. Demokratski senator od 1873. do 1880. i 1891-1897 te 53. guverner Georgije od 1886. do 1890. |
Don’t beat me massa!Please don’t beat me massa!Don’t beat this tired old body! No, no!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8D93Awa434 |
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feniks
Senior Member
1922 Posts
Member since 08/05/2004 |
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ponki
Advanced Member
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3112 Posts
Member since 20/09/2008 |
Posted - 14/12/2011 : 20:51:14
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quote:
Originally posted by feniks
Moramo Curinir i ja zakuvati, da malo ozivimo ovaj topik 
A da nesto iz ove teme izaberes za doktorske studije pa iskoristis podatke koje dobijes od njega   |
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feniks
Senior Member
1922 Posts
Member since 08/05/2004 |
Posted - 14/12/2011 : 20:55:01
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quote:
Originally posted by ponki
quote:
Originally posted by feniks
Moramo Curinir i ja zakuvati, da malo ozivimo ovaj topik
A da nesto iz ove teme izaberes za doktorske studije pa iskoristis podatke koje dobijes od njega
Dobra ideja, ali nazalost nista od toga  |
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